Does Adobe Analysis Workspace support visual interactions like Power BI?

There is limited similar functionality.

1. Updating Graph / Chart / etc by selecting from a Freeform Table

When you create an graphs or charts, these are connected to a Freeform Table (the coloured dots are a small indication of this linkage)

If the graph / chart isn't locked, selecting a column, row or cell of the freeform table will update the graph / chart to reflect that selection.

You can have multiple graphs / charts connected to the same freeform table, so all linked visuals will update.. but there is no "selection from the visual to update other visuals" feature.

2. Creating Dropdown Segments on your Panel

The other option is to create segments then add these as dropdowns to the panel... you can create multiple dropdowns, allowing the multiple selections to stack on one another... this will affect ALL freeform and visuals in the panel.

I personally like to use a standard array of dropdowns, then add some specific ones where the reports need them... We are using a global suite, so I have a dropdown for "site/site groups" (so we can either look at the network as a whole, or break it down to look at one specific sites, or some of our special site groupings), I have another drop down for Device Types, another one for Platform (which is similar to the device type, but it allows us to separate mobile web from mobile app and mobile AMP, and since Apps can be both tablet or phones, we can see them together, or pair with device to break them down, etc), another for logged in users, and another for subscribers / non-subscribers, etc...

Once your users get used to this, they can use different combinations of the dropdowns to see everything in the panel at a specific focus.